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The performance of an economy is solely dependent on the government policies enacted whose mainly objective and goal is to achieve the micro-economic and macro-economic objectives. If these policies are well implemented the economy would have a positive impact while growth and development would be experienced and the vice versa is also true.
There are several policies that affect the state economy which include, the government employing a budget plan over its fiscal year. A budget plan is a summary statement that indicates the estimated amount of revenue that the government requires to raise, the sources from which it expects to get the revenue from and the projects it will be funding or spending the revenue on a particular financial year.
A well constituted budget plan is of good help to the economy because it helps to meet the government expenditure for provision of its services, it also helps in redistribution of wealth through a progressive system of taxation where the rich pay more than the poor and it also helps to regulate the economy through government expenditure and taxes.
A budget plan can lead to a significant increase in national debt if there are no policies regulating it because it will mean that the anticipated expenditure is more than the anticipated revenue thus leading to more borrowing both internally which is through selling of treasury bills and bonds and externally through other financial organizations or countries.
National debt has a negative impact on the economy because it will be forced to charge higher tax rate in order to collect more money to pay the loan and its interest, reducing the capability of the citizens to save and produce. National debt also leads to an outflow of wealth because the debtor maybe required to pay in terms of goods and services making the goods to be scarce thus creating inflationary pressure leading to an economic sabotage. (Modigliani, 1961)
Another policy that has adverse effect on the state of economy is the use of tariffs and quotas on all imports. Tariffs is a form of tax imposed on imports which maybe ad valorem tax which is tax charged on the product value or specific tax which is tax charged on each unit of a good sold. Quotas is the limitation of the physical quantity of goods to be imported through limiting the number of import licenses.
The enactment of new tariffs and quotas has a positive outcome to the economy because it helps in the protection of infant industries which cannot compete with the well-established international industries that enjoy economies of scale. It mostly aids the manufacturing industries in the developing countries so as to replace the foreign goods with those that they make locally hence creating import substitution leading to growth and development making the economy to have a positive outcome.( Bhagwati, 1968)
Tariffs and quotas also help in the elimination of “dumping”. Dumping is where cheap and low quality goods are imported into the market. This destroys the home industry which are utilizing the raw materials to make same goods but of good quality. Dumping makes a country become dependent of foreign goods making them not to work hard and produce on their own and at the long run they end up paying more than perceived. With dumping controlled the economy will grow because it results to growth of home industries and utilization of local resources.
Tariffs and quotas also help in the protection of balance of payment deficit. This is because there will be regulation on imports and subsidies on exports. A government operating on a balance of payment deficit has poor economic growth because most of the times it will be preparing a budget deficit in each of its financial year and due to its limited reserves, it will not be able to finance the deficit. The tariffs and quotas will control the amount of imports so that it does not exceed that of exports in order for the government to be preparing a balanced or surplus budget for its development projects.( Rodriguez, 1979)
The general public may lose confidence in the federal government in terms of their leadership skills towards economic growth and development. This mainly occurs if the government promises to create employment opportunities and it fails to deliver. The general public will then have a negative attitude towards the government because it’s not impacting any kind of economic growth. The negative attitude is mainly experienced through collection of tax where many people evade the payment of taxes or even pay less as required. This is because the people will feel that the tax collected is not well used to benefit them.
Poor leadership skills and lack of economic expertise make the federal government to use the revenue collected in non-priority projects which do not have economic impact to the people. Job creation can adversely affect a country’s economy in a positive way because there will be better standards of living, people are able to save their money and invest it in profitable ventures and people will be able to pay their taxes without feeling the pinch or evading the taxman.
Job creation has not been successful because of mismanagement of funds by the leaders responsible. This is due to greediness that some leaders have who are unqualified embezzle funds meant to create employment opportunities leaving many people not to have faith in their government because it can’t take care of its people but its interest first. ( Petrick & Quinn, 2001)
Huge wage bills that the government impounded on itself makes it difficult to create jobs for its people because most of the revenue will channeled to the recurrent expenditure rather than the development expenditure which will aid to create jobs for the people.
The government may want to stimulate the economy by reducing taxes on individuals except on those earning over $250000 per year. This will have both positive and negative effects in the economy. This is because the tax cut will encourage people to work, save and invest thus stimulating the economy is good way but if the immediate spending is not financing the tax cut then it would result in an increase in the national budget deficit which in the long run increase the interest rates and reduce national savings.
Reduction of tax rate will increase aggregate demand on goods and services because the low-income earners are able to afford more goods hence making the industries to produce more to meet the demand of the people at end it also creates employment due to the increase in demand thus making the economy to have a positive growth. Increase in aggregate demand leads to creation of demand pull inflation. This makes the prices of goods go up because its demand is higher than the output hence causing inflation which might affect the economy negatively.( Darby,1975)
Reducing tax rate on low income earners will result to increase in efficiency and raising the overall size of the economy because there will be proper reallocation of resources to different sectors which have high value economic use. This will result to economic growth because the country will experience even distribution of resources and areas that had poor development will have their own share of growth.
The level of investment decrease because of lack of confidence in the economy. People tend to lack confidence in an economy that is staggering and not stable in that the economy may experience a growth and a fall. This creates uncertainties because people do not know what to expect hence the investment levels decrease due to the fear of losing much in an unstable economy.
Inflation is part of the reason why people may lack confidence in an economy. This is because increase in inflation causes instability and people become uncertain about future cost and profitability. With this kind of uncertainty people fear to invest, interest rates become high thus making borrowing for investment purposes expensive. This makes the economy to have zero rated growth.
Due to poor confidence in the economy the aggregate supply tends to reduce. This is because suppliers will tend to fear not being paid because of the economic instability making firms run into bankruptcy. Firms which do not have any supplies tend to shut down because they do not meet the consumers’ needs hence making the consumers shift to a substitute which is well established and can survive the harsh economic conditions. Bankruptcy of firms leads to reduced aggregated supply which leads to closure of the firm and makes the economy to drop because its causing unemployment.
An economy experiencing persistent labor unrest tends to lose its confidence because there are no production taking place meaning the economy is stagnant. Its causes major lose output and inadequate public service. With this kind of trend the level of investment reduces because people are rendered unemployed hence they can’t save the little they have, production is not sufficient to make the aggregate demand to increase leading to creation of demand pull inflation and at the long run causing the economy to go down with no growth and development.
Lack of good governance creates lack of confidence in an economy. This is because bad governance leads to mismanagement of funds that could have been used in productive projects or creation of jobs, it also leads to political instability where a country is always at civil wars. This scares away potential investors who could have brought in new developments in the country hence reducing the investment levels.
Low interest rates have a resulting outcome in an economy. This is because it leads to cheap borrowing costs which makes the firms and consumers to borrow more in order to finance their spending and investment. This leads to a stimulation of economic growth because people are able to invest and build themselves without fearing the interest rates that they would pay at the end.
Lower interest rate causes an increase in aggregate demand (AD)=C+I+G+X-M. This is because lower rates make people to borrow more thus causing an increasing in their consumption, with much money people are also able to invest in profitable ventures, government expenditure increases because it’s able to collect more revenue inform of taxes from the people, firms are also able to borrow in order to increase its production hence being able to produce surplus and exporting it and reducing the levels of imports. ( Darby, 1975)
Lower interest rates can also create a negative impact in the economy whereby there is no incentive to save because there are less returns realized from savings. This makes people not to hold money for future investments and spend it all on consumption making it difficult to grow an economy if people spend their money for consumption purposes only.
Conclusions
1. The federal government should always ensure that it prepares a balanced or surplus budget in order to avoid national debt which always difficult to do away with because of increased expenditure every financial year.
2. Tariffs and quotas should be strictly enacted on all imports in order to correct the balance of payment deficits, for protection of infant industries to allow them to grow and ensure that substandard goods are not allowed in the country.
3. Fostering of good governance is a must in order to ensure there is accountability and transparency at all levels so that funds meant to create jobs are embezzled by the leaders.
4. The federal government needs to construct a good tax system that ensures there is equality and certainty on the amount one should pay and it should also be economical in order to collect more revenue.
5. The government in conjunction with different stakeholders should ensure that the economy is always stable with no uncertainties so that it can regain the confidence of potential investors who may want to invest in the country.
6. Creating sound financial systems that ensures there is low interest rates to all firms and consumers so that there is cheap borrowing for investment purposes.
References
Bhagwati, J. (1968). More on the Equivalence of Tariffs and Quotas. The American Economic Review, 58(1), 142-146.
Bryant, J., & Wallace, N. (1979). The inefficiency of interest-bearing national debt. The Journal of Political Economy, 365-381.
Darby, M. R. (1975). The financial and tax effects of monetary policy on interest rates. Economic Inquiry, 13(2), 266-276.
MacMillan, I. C., Kulow, D. M., & Khoylian, R. (1989). Venture capitalists' involvement in their investments: Extent and performance. Journal of business venturing, 4(1), 27-47.
Modigliani, F. (1961). Long-run implications of alternative fiscal policies and the burden of the national debt. The Economic Journal, 71(284), 730-755.
Petrick, J. A., & Quinn, J. F. (2001). The challenge of leadership accountability for integrity capacity as a strategic asset. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(3-4), 331-343.
Rodriguez, C. A. (1979). The quality of imports and the differential welfare effects of tariffs, quotas, and quality controls as protective devices. The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'Economique, 12(3), 439-449.
Sims, C. A. (1992). Interpreting the macroeconomic time series facts: The effects of monetary policy. European Economic Review, 36(5), 975-1000.
The biblical commandment ‘thou shall not kill’ can be described as being redundant. This is because the traits can be considered to be inherent in an organism, therefore, the caution against spontaneous killing can therefore be said in theory that it is something that humans do not even need to be taught. However, psychology shows that the more isolated people become, the easier it becomes for them to shrug off moral stances and in their place assume stances that are selfish. It further goes to show that a person’s motivation is often always self-centered and therefore, if a society should benefit along the way, it would be good, however, it is not a prerequisite.
It is often argued that the corporate organism in many cases embodies the philosophy and therefore the drive to do what is good is not part of its DNA. Corporations are often predicated on profit and this is the sole purpose as to why they are in business, for this reason they thrive on what can be described as subsequent power. Power over the century has been known to corrupt persons, especially those that are in the executive suite. An example is that of Sam Walton who negotiated with wholesalers in order to lower their prices to beat competition. Innovation and ruthlessness can be said to thrive well in the corporate sector and in many cases it does not need a standard of ethics. The corporate sector works on the doctrine of capitalism, knock your opponent down before they knock you. This practices have led to unfair competition as some corporations as well as executives are playing dirty and unethically in order to win over the market or increase their earnings.
There have been multiple scandals caused by dishonest corporations and executives. With every new scandal comes a series of new laws that ‘fix’ the problem. Honesty in business is often high on what employees think they want in the workplace. However, they usually deal with managers who tell them what can only be described as white lies in the belief that they are following the company line or even protection employees from bad news. However different management experts have often argued that honesty should win as long as the supervisions understand and go ahead and carefully manage the difference that exists between full transparency and truthfulness.
While government regulation does a good job at trying to prevent bad behavior by punishing offenders, there isn’t a reliable system in place to detect and eliminate problems before they have a chance to cause financial hardship to the economy. What if each industry had its own authority to establish rules and procedures to ensure fairness and ethical behavior? Although there is government regulation to ensure businesses are honest, businesses should create a system that will eliminate unethical accounting practices while reducing the cost and need of government regulation.
The codes of conduct and self regulation are growing in popularity in different industries in the world. Regulation can be described as central when it comes to the understanding of law, public policy, and economics. It often permeates economic and social organization and it is recognized as an instrument of public policy. The contemporary regulatory environment can be said to be viewed as developing, by design and from the many interactions of different range of actors-both non-government and government. Self-regulation is important in the 21st century, and is increasingly rapidly around the world. The effects of dynamic technological development and globalization have grown in both intensity and extent. More national economies and societies have become inter-dependent and inter-connected.
The self-regulation is extensive and complex, and the individual industry needs to set standards by which other firms will be able to follow and consequently improve the quality of work and find ways to punish offenders. The start of certified process standards inside industries such as the ISO 14001, which is focused on environmental management and other such as ISO 9000 need to be adapted into industries. Therefore, industries should be able to take into considerations different standards in order to improve the quality of products and make sure that unethical practices in the industry are eliminated. Self regulation and governing inside the industry will be effective as the standards formed will have a common technological language between customers and suppliers. This will undoubtedly decrease the criminal activity and unethical behaviors in different markets.
Financial meltdowns due to criminal activity continue to plague the market. In the recent past there have been a lot of different companies that fell because of fraud and unethical behavior. Some of the major two companies that have fell include Enron and AIG.
a. In the case of Enron, the total value of stockholder loss from the collapse of Enron is $63 billion. In 2001, it was the biggest scandal to ever hit the financial markets. The company was brought down by systematic, institutionalized and creatively planned accounting fraud. The company is an example of corporate fraud and corruption. If there were internal regulations in the industry, which closely monitored and governed the processes then the fall of Enron would have been prevented.
b. The total loss from the Bernie Madoff ponzi scheme is estimated at over $17 billion. This is money that could have been saved if only there was regulation and continuous governance of the scheme by internal organs and standards that exist within the industry. It is of essence to understand that it is the regulators inside the industry that completely understand the different challenges that exist within the industry and therefore, they are better positioned to understand the different tricks that are used in fraud and are also in a more leveraged position to understand unethical practices.
There are ethical issues in different areas that need to be addressed.
a. Individuals are not held to a standard to perform. The only time there is a problem is when an audit catches the wrongdoing and by then it is too late. This is like the proverbial bolting the stable after the horse has already left. There is a need for a standard to be created in every industry where the workers will be expected to perform to a certain standard.
b. Big business demands a high bottom line. This encourages people without morals to ‘fudge’ the numbers to make the stockholders happy and there isn’t a system of checks and balances to catch the act. The industry is capitalistic and therefore, those that are unethical and are able to get of unscathed in many cases are celebrated.
c. Society has a vested interest in honest accounting. Average Americans are vulnerable as more and more companies switch from pensions to having employees invest 401k retirement plans.
There are examples of having an entity police the professionals in the financial sector to follow.
a. The American Medical Association was formed in 1847 partly to launch a program of ethics. They did this by adopting a national code of professional ethics. This program has adapted as the medical profession has changed throughout the years. It has been able to regulate doctors and offer standards that have been followed widely by all doctors. The American Medical Association understands the unethical behaviors in the medical profession and therefore they are better equipped to deal with these problems as compared to an external regulator.
b. The American Bar Association was formed in 1878 with the purpose, among other things, of upholding the honor of the profession of law. Today, one of the five stated goals of the American Bar Association is to improve their profession. They accomplish this by promoting competence, ethical conduct and professionalism (American Bar Association, 1997).
The best alternative to having nothing in place to self regulate is to have a governing board that sets accounting procedures in place as well as having a functional way to ensure compliance with policies and procedures (Barth, 2001). This makes sure that the different firms in an industry understand the standards and also have a basic understanding of different committees and governing board that help in implementation. An effective way to ensure compliance is to have random audits of major corporations at various times of the year. Discrepancies or criminal activities would have consequences as well as administrative fines.
a. This type of resolution would suit the Moral Virtue Theory because all personnel in the business industry would be required to maintain the same virtuous character. The same virtuous character means that there will be a certain standard that will have to be met in order for the person to be described as qualified to work in that industry.
b. Someone with the Duty Theory viewpoint would appreciate this type of resolution because they would have a set directive for conducting their duties. They would be compelled to follow the rules. They will not have a choice but to comply with the new regulations that exist and therefore, this will make the industry safe and increase the ethical transparency and accountability.
c. A person views aligned the Utilitarianism theory would be able to clearly see that complying with the standards would be morally right because the consequences for following the rules would be more favorable to everyone involved. The ethics in the industry will be elevated and persons will be obliged to behave in an accepted way as they feel that that they have a mandate to be morally correct and consequently they will comply to the standards with ease.
I would choose an entity very similar to the American Medical Association (AMA). The AMA has set the standard for physicians and healthcare providers by providing a Code of Medical Ethics. Since its inception, this code has been updated four times (Barth, 2001). There are penalties for violating this code that includes the possibility of expulsion from the AMA. This association has increased in its membership and it is known as a very strict internal governing body, it ensures that each and every doctor understands that he or she has standards that they are supposed to meet and that if they do not do it then they will be expelled from the industry (Horvat, 1975). This has led to professionalization and a code of ethics for doctors has been published by the association which helps increase their accountability and transparency.
The formation of a professional organization to self regulate the financial sector would be met with relief from society, but with resistance from individuals in the business world and the organizations that they are employed by. This would undoubtedly add a cost to the bottom line of their businesses at a time when they are trying to expand the bottom line in a glowingly competitive environment.
In conclusion, the best way to prevent the widespread criminal activity in the corporate financial sector is not through new laws, but through self regulation (Loader, 2004). The financial sector already has a successful model by which to base one on in either the American Medical Association or the American Bar Association. A successful implantation wouldn’t guarantee the elimination of fraud, but it would go a long way in reducing it, thereby improving the lives of everyone.
References
Horvat, B., Supek, R., & Markoviç, M. (1975). Self-governing socialism: A reader. White Plains, N.Y: International Arts and Sciences Press.
American Bar Association., & American Bar Association. (1997). Enthusiastic enforcement by the self-regulatory organizations. Chicago, Ill.: American Bar Association
Loader, D. (2004). Regulation and compliance in operations. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Barth, J. R., Brumbaugh, R. D., & Yago, G. (2001). Restructuring regulation and financial institutions. Boston, Mass. [u.a.: Kluwer Acad. Publ.
There have been multiple scandals caused by dishonest corporations and executives. With every new scandal comes a series of new laws that ‘fix’ the problem. While government regulation does a good job at trying to prevent bad behavior by punishing offenders, there isn’t a reliable system in place to detect and eliminate problems before they have a chance to cause financial hardship to the economy. What if each industry had its own authority to establish rules and procedures to ensure fairness and ethical behavior? Although there is government regulation to ensure businesses are honest, businesses should create a system that will eliminate unethical accounting practices while reducing the cost and need of government regulation.
Financial meltdowns due to criminal activity continue to plague the market.
a. The total value of stockholder loss from the collapse of Enron is $63 billion. In 2001, it was the biggest scandal to ever hit the financial markets.
b. The total loss from the Bernie Madoff ponzi scheme is estimated at over $17 billion.
There are ethical issues in different areas that need to be addressed.
a. Individuals are not held to a standard to perform. The only time there is a problem is when an audit catches the wrongdoing and by then it is too late.
b. Big business demands a high bottom line. This encourages people without morals to ‘fudge’ the numbers to make the stockholders happy and there isn’t a system of checks and balances to catch the act.
c. Society has a vested interest in honest accounting. Average Americans are vulnerable as more and more companies switch from pensions to having employees invest 401k retirement plans.
There are examples of having an entity police the professionals in the financial sector to follow.
a. The American Medical Association was formed in 1847 partly to launch a program of ethics. They did this by adopting a national code of professional ethics. This program has adapted as the medical profession has changed throughout the years.
b. The American Bar Association was formed in 1878 with the purpose, among other things, of upholding the honor of the profession of law. Today, one of the five stated goals of the American Bar Association is to improve their profession. They accomplish this by promoting competence, ethical conduct and professionalism
The best alternative to having nothing in place to self regulate is to have a governing board that sets accounting procedures in place as well as having a functional way to ensure compliance with policies and procedures. An effective way to ensure compliance is to have random audits of major corporations at various times of the year. Discrepancies or criminal activities would have consequences as well as administrative fines.
a. This type of resolution would suit the Moral Virtue Theory because all personnel in the business industry would be required to maintain the same virtuous character.
b. Someone with the Duty Theory viewpoint would appreciate this type of resolution because they would have a set directive for conducting their duties. They would be compelled to follow the rules.
c. A person views aligned the Utilitarianism theory would be able to clearly see that complying with the standards would be morally right because the consequences for following the rules would be more favorable to everyone involved.
I would choose an entity very similar to the American Medical Association (AMA). The AMA has set the standard for physicians and healthcare providers by providing a Code of Medical Ethics. Since its inception, this code has been updated four times. There are penalties for violating this code that includes the possibility of expulsion from the AMA.
The formation of a professional organization to self regulate the financial sector would be met with relief from society, but with resistance from individuals in the business world and the organizations that they are employed by. This would undoubtedly add a cost to the bottom line of their businesses at a time when they are trying to expand the bottom line in a growingly competitive environment.
In conclusion, the best way to prevent the widespread criminal activity in the corporate financial sector is not through new laws, but through self regulation. The financial sector already has a successful model by which to base one on in either the American Medical Association or the American Bar Association. A successful implantation wouldn’t guarantee the elimination of fraud, but it would go a long way in reducing it, thereby improving the lives of everyone.
The economic conditions of a region have the power to influence a business, either in a positive or a negative manner. Therefore, for any entrepreneur who thinks of creating a business idea, they have to be aware of the role of the economic conditions in the region and how it may affect their business activities. The entrepreneur ought to investigate the social, legal, political, economic and technological influence on the business they venture they are interested in. Another factor that the entrepreneurs have to be cautious about is the competition in the market and the relationship between other competitors. Other economic factors that can influence a business greatly include customer confidence, interest rates, employment, and inflation. The economic trends of a region can affect the business in a large-scale or small-scale. In this essay, the discussion revolves around the effect of economics on a business. In the paper, a number of examples are present that focus on how a business and its activities can be affected by economics.
In the discussion about the impact of the economy on a business, it is significant first to consider two types of economies in order to grasp their different impacts. The economy in this discussion will be viewed in two dimensions, a strong economy, and a slow economy. A strong economy creates a forum for prosperity for almost all the businesses in the region. The prosperity of the business is made possible by some of the advantages that come with a strong economy (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2012, 33). First, the level of unemployment is relatively low in a strong economy since there are readily available jobs. This includes jobs for those who are skilled and those that do not possess any specific skills. The disposable income is also high, and this can be associated with the success of the economy. Therefore, with most business making large profits and increasing their revenues, the employees will also have their salaries increased, and this increases the disposable income.
The customer confidence is also high in such an economy, and the confidence is boosted by the customers having good living conditions. Therefore, the customers will not feel any pinch when purchasing essential services and goods, and it results to money being pumped back into the economy. However, a strong economy also affects businesses in a negative way despite the many positive advantages associated with the economy. The smaller businesses are on the suffering end of such an economy since the pressure of the economy falls to the businesses. The increase in business in a strong economy causes to try to keep up with the demands of the market. The demand that falls to the businesses includes the pressure to increase retail space, hire additional employees and introduce new product lines. The small businesses are specifically affected if the business starts to falter. The small businesses are then left without an option but to lay off some of their employees and products, and they end up incurring losses.
A slow economy causes a couple of challenges especially to small businesses. The disposable income in this economy is reduced, and the customer confidence is also reduced. Therefore, the individuals in this economy are concerned about maintaining their jobs and a lifestyle that they can afford (Boyes & Melvin, 2013, 254). In most cases, this fact causes the individuals to be very specific with what they shop for, only going for the necessities. The businesses in this economy are also exposed to lower profit margins. Therefore, the business owners find it difficult to repay creditors, and this can negatively impact the long-term viability of the business.
A business with such financial struggles also has problems when it comes to applying for loans to cover the capital expenditures and operations. The growth opportunities of the business are then limited since there is no access to resources for expansion. Therefore, in such an economy, the small businesses are forced to downsize their workforce. The productivity of the business is also affected negatively when the workforce is downsized. The power of the business to meet its demands and serve customers are reduced, and this slows down the growth of the economy. However, some companies manage to succeed in a slow economy, and it greatly relies on the type of activities that the company is engaged in.
In conclusion, the economy can have either a positive or negative effect on a business. However, it depends on the kind of activities that the business is involved in and how the economy affects that certain field. For example, a small business that has a strong financial basis can easily manage to be successful despite the conditions in a slower economy seeming not to favor the business. The business can easily buy out its competitors and create a monopolistic kind of market, therefore leaving the business as the sole provider in the economy (Gwartney, 2013, 403). In such a case, the business will make tremendous success in terms of profit margins since it is the only business in the market. However, some factors like political instability, reduced technological advancements, and hostility from the residents can greatly reduce the success chances of a business. Therefore, for any business to succeed, the entrepreneur must readily view all the factors in the economy.
References
Boyes, W. J., & Melvin, M. (2013). Economics. Australia: Cengage Learning South-Western.
Gwartney, J. D. (2013). Economics, private and public choice.
Pride, W. M., Hughes, R. J., & Kapoor, J. R. (2012). Business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
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