Are you in High School, College, Masters, Bachelors or Ph.D and need someone to help write your essay? All you need is to ask for research paper help written by a specialist in your academic field. When you buy an essay online from us, we offer you an original, nil plagiarized and unique paper written by a dedicated writer who is PhD or Masters qualified. MyEssayServices.com is an experienced service with over 9 years experience having delivered over 83,000 essays over the years.

Negotiable Instruments Sample Essay & Outline

A negotiable instrument often means an unqualified promise or instruction to pay a secure amount of money, with or even without interest or other charges described in the promise of order. The negotiable instrument is often payable to the bearer in at the time when issued or when it comes to the possession of a holder. The negotiable interest is in many cases payable on demand or at a definite time. I was stunned to discover that a negotiable instrument which had no other undertaking as well as instruction by the person that was promising or ordering the payment is considered legal. If there is no waiver of the benefit of the law intended for the advantage of the obligatory the negotiable instrument is still legitimate.

From this evidence, it can be realized that an instrument that is used to serve or to take value instituting at least part of a performance contract (Floyd, 2008). Further, the rights of a holder in due course are often negotiable instrument are often qualitatively as a matter of law more superior to those which are provided by ordinary species of contracts. The U.S code states that a negotiation often enables a transferee to become a party to the contract and contract assignment which is provided by operation of law and to be able to impose the agreement when it comes to the transferee-assignee’s name. Further, according to the law, negotiations are often effected by either delivery or endorsement (order instruments) or bearer instruments.

There is confusing information regarding the different meanings depending on what law applies as well as the context the term used for. Further, another concept that got me confused was the fact that if money is promised to be paid, the instrument itself can often be used by the owner in due sequence as a store of value (Floyd, 2008). The fact that the instrument may be transferred to a third party and that it is the holder of the instrument will ultimately get paid by the payer of the instrument. Further, the fact that transfers can occur at less than the appearance worth of the instrument known as discounting may happened if there is no doubt about the payer’s ability to pay. This information is confusing; this is because the nature of the negotiable instrument as a supply of worth and most countries often pass laws specifically related to other negotiable instruments.

A businessman should understand that a negotiable instrument must always be a promise or order to pay, and it must be unconditional. Secondly, the payment must show a specific sum of money although the interest may be added to the sum. Thirdly, the payment must be made on demand at a certain time and lastly, the instrument must no require the person to promise payment in order to perform any other act other than the person paying the money specified (Floyd, 2008). The instrument should always be payable to the bearer. Therefore, the businessman should understand about the negotiation instrument and make sure that it is in writing, and it should not contain the words such as ‘to he order of’ and indicate what is payable to the individual holding the contract document.

References

Floyd, M. D. (2008). Understanding negotiable instruments (UCC Articles 3 and 4) and other payment systems. Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press.

Diaz v. Manufacturers Hanover trust Co. Sample Essay & Outline

Diaz v. Manufacturers Hanover trust Co. is one of the most famous cases that deals with negotiable instruments. Diaz was given two certified Checks that became lost. The bank that the checks were drawn refused to honor any of them and argued that they be reissued until the Diaz placed an indemnity bond in twice the amount of the original checks. Diaz had posted the sum of 37,000 dollars as security for a bond in behalf of a defendant of criminal proceedings. When a criminal proceeding concluded, Diaz demanded the money back from the bail bondsman (Newman).

Newman then went ahead to draw two checks in the amount of 12,000 dollars and 25,000 dollars drawn on the defendant, Manufacturers Hanover Trust. The checks then got lost, and the Diaz then notified Newman, who in turn notified Manufacturers Hanover trust who stopped payments on the checks (Casenotes, 2008). Diaz then proceeded to contact the defendant who in turn informed him that that the bank would not honor the replacement checks issued unless an indemnity bond posted that was twice the amount of the original checks.

The query in this case was whether the court may order payment on a lost negotiable instrument without the requirement of the beneficiary to post security as a prerequisite in the Uniform Commercial code Section 3-804 (Casenotes, 2008).The Court argued that when a bank certifies a check it accepts it and consequently, it is the obligation of the court to pay the amount drawn. However, the UCC section 3-804 categorically states that ‘the court shall require security, in an amount fixed by the court that is not less than twice the amount that is allegedly unpaid on the instrument.

Therefore, for this reason, the court stated that if it was to determine the amount of security to be posted, it was the express purpose of the legislature was to make the security mandatory rather than discretionary. Therefore, because the legislature had considered the matter and corrected the decree in order to make the furnishing of security not only mandatory but also it went ahead to establish a minimal total of not less than double the amount that was allegedly on the instrument. For this reason, the court had no doubt but to support manufacturers Hanover Trust Co in their bid to ask for a minimal amount that was not less than twice the amount paid on the instrument (Casenotes, 2008).

In conclusion, the court stated that the legislative history of the section of the code had set the requirement as well as the limit of the amount to be paid. However, the court noted with great concern that the amount of time the security shall remain posted was not clear. Therefore, it was the thoughts of the court that the further revision of the section of the UCC was necessary, or the legislation that dealt with the valid life of certified checks should be enacted. The Court for this reason had to support Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. to be right because of the security that was mandatory and had to be twice.

References
Casenotes. (2008). Casenote Legal Briefs Commercial Law: Keyed to Warren and Walt. Aspen Pub.

Hallenbeck V. Leimert Sample Essay & Outline

The respondent who was a receiver of the central bank sued the petitioner a receiver of Ashland bank in a district court in northern district of Illinois. The intention of the suit was to recover five checks that had been initially drawn by the former and later endorsed by the latter bank. The jury was waived and the district court entered a judgment that favored the respondent for the amount demanded.

The banks in question had their operations located in Chicago. James g. Hodgkinson was a board member in both Ashland bank and Hodgkinson & Durfee, Inc.

He drew five checks and delivered them to Ashland bank, which endorsed four of the checks. It later deposited the endorsed checks with the Federal Reserve Bank for collection on 23 April the same year. The fifth check was endorsed and collected at the First national bank. Both the Federal Reserve and first national bank were active members of the Chicago clearing house association, which is an affiliate of the central bank. Ashland bank was not. Chicago clearing house had a rule that provided that in order for any person presenting checks for clearing to give special instructions, they must be affiliate members.

Early morning on 25th of April the same year, Federal Reserve Bank presented the four checks to the clearinghouse. The central bank cleared the checks, as it was the norm and indicated the balance before 11:30 am. Hour later it learnt that Hodgkinson & Durfee has insufficient funds. First national bank sent the fifth check to the drawee’s business place.

Central bank ascertained the condition of the Hodgkinson & Durfee accounts, notified the firm and on 26th, the five checks were sent to Ashland bank to be reimbursed (Hallenbeck V. Leimert
, 1935). The central bank was not notified by any of the parties. The trial court concluded that the payment of the checks was conditional. It also concluded that the notice sent to Ashland bank was adequate to fix responsibility. Therefore, the trial court judgment went against the petitioner.

Upon an appeal, the appeal court concluded that approach used in transacting business allowed the members to examine the different items that affect the balance and the lapse of time is the only thing that makes the settlement final in the event that the checks are not dishonored before the time elapses. The court of appeal decided to reverse the judgment made by the trial court.

The judgment by the circuit of court of appeal was correct since Ashland bank was not looking for an enforcement of the rules of the Chicago clearing house. The bank was looking for the effecting of the payment in consistency with the rules of the clearinghouse. The drawee bank had the duty to pay or not. The tentative payments were final since they applied as if the money had actually passed to the involved parties. There was no objection to the rules of the Chicago clearing house in the trial court proceedings. Section 102 of negotiable instruments law covered the notice of dishonor and not the duration of returning a dishonored check (Brannan & Beutel, 1948). The section does not cover the period in which the dishonored check might be returned. Neither does it cover the advice about an overdraft. Since there was no sign of malicious intent, the ruling ought to by the appellate court was correct.

References

Brannan, J., & Beutel, F. (1948). Beutel's Brannan Negotiable instruments law (1st ed.). Cincinnati: W.H. Anderson Co.
Cornel Law,. (1935). HALLENBECK v. LEIMERT. | LII / Legal Information Institute. Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 25 August 2014,

Business Law Essay & Outline

Implied-in-fact contract

This is a kind of contract that is agreed between two parties by their conduct. The agreement is in a non-verbal contact as opposed to explicit words. The conduct that the parties show towards the contract is what constitutes its agreement (Emerson, 2009). This kind of contract has similar legal implications as that of an express contract.

Did Taco Bell act ethically?

Taco Bell had an implied contract. Taco Bell did not act ethically by hiring new advertising agency. The implied contract was still in force hence Taco Bell should not have hired the new agency.

The purpose of recognizing implied contracts

The purpose of recognizing this contract is to ensure that all parties are protected by the law in the event that one party acts in an unethical manner (Emerson, 2009). There was an implied contract in this case since Taco Bell rejected the proposed contract but Alfaro continued to promote Psycho Chihuahua within Taco Bell. However, the new contract offered to the new agency was still legal despite Alfaro continued promotion of Psycho Chihuahua.

Hawaiian Sugar Company v. Sun Ship, Inc

It was implied in the contract that penalty worth $17,000 was to be paid. However, the counsel had provided that penalty would be paid as per liquidated damages. Therefore, when Sun Ship was late to deliver the vessel, it was supposed to pay the penalty. The penalty as per liquidated damages was made clear and Sun Ship did not dispute at the time. It is therefore assumed that Sun ship agreed to pay as per-day liquidated damage. Sun Ship could argue from the perspective that the counsel provision was not included in the contract and hence was not enforceable.

Cybersquatting

Ernest & Julio Gallo had registered the trademark long before Spider Webs registered a domain with the names ernestandjuliogallo.com. Therefore, spider web was at fault and hence Gallo wins the case.

Copyright

Marder claim is not an enforceable contract since Sony had paid for the release of copyright before producing the video.
Breach of contract; the majeure clause bars Pantagis Renaissance from breaching a contract.

Facto v. Snuggy Pantagis Entertainment, Inc. (Licence)

Hayward typed at the end of the order that he would only accept the software after using it for two months. Info.com went ahead to deliver the software. After two weeks Hawyard says he doesn’t like the software and sends it back. Hawyard wins since he had indicated that he would only accept the software after using it for two weeks.

Reference

Emerson, R. W. (2009). Business law. Hauppauge, N.Y: Barron's Educational Series.

Appellate & Trial Briefs Essay & Outline

Abstract

This article discusses a raft of issues related to the practice of law. It examines several questions and provides answers to them from factual and credible sources and explores how the discipline of law carries out researching and writing paralegal briefs. The two types of briefs discussed herein are appellate and trial briefs.
Keywords: paralegal, trial brief, appellate brief.

Law

What are the similarities and differences between the trial and appellate briefs?

An appellate brief is a document written and presented before the appeal court outlining all the arguments that a respondent or a petitioner cites as grounds for appeal (What is an appellate brief?, 2014). On the other hand, trial briefs are statements presented to the court before a trial is officially opened that highlights point of merit as of whether the cases should proceed to full trial or not (McMahon, 2017).

Typically, trial briefs are prepared by a client's attorney and are intended to familiarize the judges(s) with the details of the case, such as the terminologies, background, and other matters. Appellate briefs, on the other hand, can be prepared by judges explaining why for instance they upheld or overruled an appeal case. The key difference between these two documents is timing – trial briefs are written before the trial commences while appellate brief is drafted after the trial has ended.

What are the components of the trial brief?

The main features of a case brief are (Checklist for Drafting a Trial Brief, 2017; Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman, 2017):
a)The preliminary statement
b)The statements of facts
c)The summary of argument
d)The rule of proof
e)Application of fact

What are the components of the appellate brief?

An appellate brief contains the following information (District of Columbia v. Heller - Amicus (Merits), 2007 Term):
a)The question that the petitioner wants the court to answer
b)A summary of facts that contextualize the question so that the judges can understand it better.
c)The request of the petitioner, i.e., what the petitioner wants the court to do.
d)Reasons for supporting the appeal motion
e)A copy of the judgment the petitioner is appealing against, or if in the case of lower courts, permission to do so.

What is the purpose of each brief? What are the purposes of a trial brief and appellate brief in general?

A trial brief is primarily used to present a case before official trial begins and purposed to inform the court on the nature of the case. On the other hand, an appellate brief is designed to either petition a ruling or, as in the case of judges, give grounds for either upholding or overruling a judgment from a lower court (McMahon, 2017).

How do these court briefs differ from an interoffice memorandum?

An interoffice memo is mainly used as a communication tool between employers and their employees. It can also be used to pass information between employees of different departments (Leviticus, 2017). The key difference between court briefs and interoffice memos are that court briefs usually move in one direction, i.e., from a petitioner to the judges, and in the case of appellate briefs, from a higher court to a lower court. Interoffice memos, however, can move in any direction, i.e., from employer to employee and vice versa (Leviticus, 2017).
It can also be argued that court briefs have a direct audience, mostly the court; while interoffice memos are more general and target a wider population.

What, if anything, surprised you about the briefs?

It surprised me that the briefs are fairly easy to draft and that with a little practice, even an ordinary person can draft a trial brief. The key lies in knowing the contents that are required in each draft and the format (Checklist for Drafting a Trial Brief, 2017; What is an appellate brief?, 2014).

Reference

Checklist for Drafting a Trial Brief. (2017). Retrieved November 16, 2017, from CUNY SCHOOL OF LAW: http://www.law.cuny.edu/legal-writing/students/court-brief/court-brief-3...
District of Columbia v. Heller - Amicus (Merits), 07-290 (Supreme Court of the United States 2007 Term). Retrieved November 16, 2017, from https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/district-columbia-v-heller-amicus-merits
Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman, 15-1391 (United States Supreme Court March 29, 2017). Retrieved November 16, 2017, from http://caselaw.findlaw.com/summary/opinion/us-supreme-court/2017/03/29/2...
Leviticus, J. (2017). How to Properly Format for an Interoffice Memo. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from Chron: http://work.chron.com/properly-format-interoffice-memo-9662.html
McMahon, M. (2017, November 1). What is a Trial Brief? Retrieved November 16, 2017, from wiseGEEK: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-trial-brief.htm
What is an appellate brief? (2014). Retrieved November 16, 2017, from Rottenstein Law Group: http://www.rotlaw.com/legal-library/what-is-an-appellate-brief/